The Downside of "Reciprocity"in Agreements

Reciprocity is a key assumption underlying the durability of mutual gains agreement. The formula derives from perceptions of symmetric utility: do equivalency-based values and preferences link up in a fair exchange? This study examines five cases of bilateral agreements between the United States and Hawaii, the Philippines, Cuba, Panama, and Iran, comparing initial reciprocity and eventual alignment (harmonic to hostile), focusing on target states’ leaders who strategically strengthen their bargaining positions, altering reciprocity.